Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
3,344 listings
  • Price Drop
    $7,990
    fair price
    $1,085 below market
    • 116,787 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Bass Mazda (103 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Sheffield Village, OH / 103 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Deep Cherry Red Crystal Pearlcoat 2015 Jeep Compass Sport FWD CVT 2.0L I4 DOHC 16V Dual VVT CLEAN VEHICLE HISTORY REPORT- *VISIT OUR WEBSITE TO VIEW*,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCBA5FD156031
    Stock: H3933
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,496
    fair price
    $362 below market
    • 77,808 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ken Ganley Nissan Mayfield (125 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Mayfield Heights, OH / 125 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Recent Arrival! 2015 Jeep Compass Latitude 4WD 6-Speed Automatic 4D Sport Utility MOON ROOF, ALLOY WHEELS, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Audio Jack...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB6FD114493
    Stock: 32875T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $9,799
    fair price
    $375 below market
    • 81,422 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • AutoNation Ford Westlake (110 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Westlake, OH / 110 miles away from Columbus, OH

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new brakes! Power Value GroupTransmission: 6-Speed AutomaticRear SpoilerDark Slate ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDBB3FD317099
    Stock: FD317099
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $13,471
    good price
    $576 below market
    • 35,567 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram of Willoughby (133 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Willoughby, OH / 133 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2015 JEEP COMPASS LATITUDE EQUIPPED WITH AIR CONDITIONING, AM/FM RADIO, AUDIO JACK INPUT FOR MOBILE DEVICES, CD PLAYER, CLOTH/VINYL LOW-BACK BUCKET SE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB6FD325161
    Stock: P3930
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 63,958 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Cleveland (116 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 116 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEBXFD155421
    Stock: 2003432834
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-08-2025

    • 110,888 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • McKnight DriveTime (154 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Pittsburgh, PA / 154 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB6FD258237
    Stock: 1630080905
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-12-2024

  • $5,453
    great price
    $2,197 below market
    • 141,190 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • Ed Martin Honda (170 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 170 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AS-IS!, SERVICED & COMPLETE DETAIL!!, Compass Sport, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 DOHC 16V Dual VVT, Automatic, FWD, Bright White Clearcoat, Dark Slate G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCBA1ED593636
    Stock: 2CR5245A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • $6,989
    good price
    $1,623 below market
    • 132,778 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Serra Ford Rochester Hills (180 mi away)
    • Five Star Dealer
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Rochester Hills, MI / 180 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Call for this GREAT DEAL on this well maintained vehicle! Our ONE PRICE PROMISE ensures you will get the best deal in town. HURRY this deal won't last...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCEA6GD751645
    Stock: GD751645
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    $13,500
    fair price
    $1,439 below market
    • 27,614 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Auto Boutique Ohio (16 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 16 miles away from Columbus, OH

    *Disclaimer*PRICE LISTED DOES NOT INCLUDE TAX (TAX RATE VARIES DEPENDING ON STATE, CITY, & COUNTY), TITLE ($20), TEMP TAG ($20.50) MEMO-TITLE FOR REGI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB6GD772638
    Stock: Y0656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • $6,600
    fair price
    $582 below market
    • 115,045 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Auto Boutique Ohio (16 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 16 miles away from Columbus, OH

    *Disclaimer*PRICE LISTED DOES NOT INCLUDE TAX (TAX RATE VARIES DEPENDING ON STATE, CITY, & COUNTY), TITLE ($20), TEMP TAG ($20.50) MEMO-TITLE FOR REGI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (23 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDBB6ED727586
    Stock: X9184A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-13-2025

  • $11,999
    fair price
    $239 below market
    • 66,091 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Ohio Car Mart (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Elyria, OH / 100 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Experience the perfect blend of style and capability with the 2016 Jeep Compass High Altitude. With a sleek Black Clear Coat exterior, this SUV is des...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB0GD664189
    Stock: 664189A01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,400
    fair price
    $828 below market
    • 82,929 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Krebs Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (159 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Gibsonia, PA / 159 miles away from Columbus, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEBXGD650879
    Stock: KP6412B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2025

    • 33,683 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Cleveland (116 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 116 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB0GD559426
    Stock: 2003547424
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • $10,995
    fair price
    $284 above market
    • 71,994 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mira Auto Sales (100 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 100 miles away from Columbus, OH

    *2016 Jeep Compass Sport 4dr SUV ****71XXXMILES ONLY **** FWD 6-Speed Automatic 2.0L I4**** , ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCBA6GD574115
    Stock: 574115
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,165 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl manual
    • Carvana - Columbus (9 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • Fold Flat Rear Seats
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 9 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCBA7ED515328
    Stock: 2003664383
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

    • 54,305 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Columbus (9 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 9 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB0GD552184
    Stock: 2003630578
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

    • 146,133 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Mira Auto Sales (100 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 100 miles away from Columbus, OH

    ***2016 JEEP COMPASS LATITUDE***4X4*** 146,XXX MILES This vehicle is very clean, 2.4 L 4 CYLINDER, leather seats, heated seats, cruise control and man...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (20 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDEB5GD810442
    Stock: 810442
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-02-2025

    • 117,313 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl manual
    • Fairfield DriveTime (101 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, OH / 101 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (23 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCBA0GD705278
    Stock: 1420072983
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • $9,400
    great price
    $2,392 below market
    • 89,077 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Lunghamer Buick GMC (183 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Waterford, MI / 183 miles away from Columbus, OH

    2017 Jeep Compass Latitude GOOD TIRES, REAR BACK UP CAMERA, GOOD BRAKES, RECENT TRADE IN, Compass Latitude, 4D Sport Utility, 2.0L I4 DOHC 16V Dual VV...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCEA0HD207014
    Stock: B563727
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

    • 93,927 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Cleveland (116 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 116 miles away from Columbus, OH

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (22 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJDBB7GD534804
    Stock: 2003477824
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 101,257 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • DriveTime of Lexington (163 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Lexington, KY / 163 miles away from Columbus, OH

    Shop at DriveTime: Get started on your personalized car-buying journey today. With no credit impact, you can get approved for your real, personalized ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1C4NJCBB1GD703127
    Stock: 1470000692
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 3,344 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Jeep Compass

Read recent reviews for the Jeep Compass
Overall Consumer Rating
3.3 out of 5 stars44 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 44 reviews
  • 5 star
    (30%)
  • 4 star
    (30%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (20%)
  • 1 star
    (16%)
4 out of 5 stars

Zippy, economical car

Kathleen M., 04/06/2017
2014 Jeep Compass Sport 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl 5M)
We bought our 2014 Jeep Compass used and have had it a little over a year. We drive a lot of highway miles (40,000 last year) and this car has been an economical and dependable car. We usually get between 28-30 miles to the gallon. We haven't had any real issue with the car. It has fast pickup to move around slower vehicles. Overall its a good, small-sized SUV.
Report abuse

FAQ

What is a good price for a used 2015 Jeep Compass?

According to Edmunds.com's True Market Value calculations, the retail price of a used 2015 Jeep Compass's most popular trim, the Sport, in great condition with 96,000 miles on its odometer, is $13,298. Prices vary by trim, region and options included.

What engine is standard on all Compasses with all-wheel drive?

The 2.4-liter four-cylinder engine is standard on all Compasses with all-wheel drive.
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.