Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
234 listings
  • $31,425
    fair price
    $671 below market
    • 60,507 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Tustin Buick GMC (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tustin, CA / 36 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    The 2018 Mercedes-Benz GLS 550 4MATIC is a luxurious SUV that blends powerful performance with a suite of high-end features. This vehicle is powered b...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DEXJB163531
    Stock: 14856T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • $22,450
    good price
    $1,304 below market
    • 72,660 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Car Lux Inc (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lennox, CA / 5 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    *** CLEAN TITLE *** LOADED *** The 2018 Mercedes-Benz GLS GLS 450 is a luxurious SUV that boasts a 3.0L Twin Turbo V6 engine, producing 362 horsepow...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE9JB007649
    Stock: 224425
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,057
    great price
    $4,912 below market
    • 89,226 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Karplus Warehouse (18 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Pacoima, CA / 18 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    2019 Mercedes-Benz GLS GLS 450 4MATIC SUV...CAPITAL ONE AUTO FINANCE PREFERRED DEALER...Wholesale Prices Available to Public now! Hurry these amazing ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE7KB228328
    Stock: M228328
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-27-2024

    • 44,093 miles
    • Issue reported, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Car Lux Inc (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lennox, CA / 5 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    *** CLEAN TITLE *** CLEAN CARFAX *** PANORAMA SUNROOF *** DRIVER ASSISTANCE *** MAYBACH LOOK ***Experience luxury and power with the 2018 Mercedes-Ben...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE3JB102926
    Stock: 224833
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $35,279
    good price
    $2,738 below market
    • 83,975 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driveway (37 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tustin, CA / 37 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7FE1KB193211
    Stock: KB193211P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $28,448
    good price
    $1,264 below market
    • 56,194 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Major Motor Cars (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Santa Monica, CA / 8 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    This pre-owned 2017 Mercedes-Benz GLS 550 4MATIC® will make you go WOW! Ask for a test drive today at the friendly family-run dealership, Major Motor ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE5HA773448
    Stock: 23625
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-15-2023

  • $27,779
    fair price
    $638 below market
    • 89,386 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Car Lux Inc (5 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lennox, CA / 5 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    *** CLEAN TITLE *** CLEAN CARFAX *** PANORAMA SUNROOF *** POWER ESY ENTRY *** HEATED STEERING WHEEL *** This 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLS GLS 550 boasts a...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE4KB211137
    Stock: 225031
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $16,995
    fair price
    $625 below market
    • 102,019 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Allen Motors (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Thousand Oaks, CA / 31 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    Allen Motors is proud to represent this 2017 Mercedes-Benz GLS450 4MATIC. This all-wheel drive 8 passenger SUV is an incredible vehicle for so many d...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE4HA896070
    Stock: 7972
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-03-2025

  • $17,955
    fair price
    $158 above market
    • 110,927 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Mercedes-Benz of South Bay (14 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Torrance, CA / 14 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    Sun/Moonroof3rd Row SeatKeyless StartRear SpoilerPolar WhiteThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and passed our precise inspection pro...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EEXHA948902
    Stock: HA948902
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-14-2025

  • Price Drop
    $37,750
    fair price
    $698 above market
    • 40,310 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Van Nuys Chrysler Dodge Jeep RAM (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Van Nuys, CA / 14 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    **LEATHER INTERIOR**, **NAVIGATION / GPS**, **PANORAMIC MOON ROOF**, **POWER SUNROOF**, **BACKUP CAMERA**, **BLUETOOTH WIRELESS / HANDS FREE**, Active...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE9KB207133
    Stock: TV22950
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-15-2025

  • $29,910
    fair price
    $291 below market
    • 48,149 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driveway (5 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 5 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Na...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE9HA859958
    Stock: 5381803-2
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $20,439
    fair price
    $178 above market
    • 79,534 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • AutoNation Hyundai Valencia (31 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Valencia, CA / 31 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    The following items have been reconditioned on this vehicle: new pair of tires! Iridium Silver MetallicSun/Moonroof3rd Row SeatKeyless StartRea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EEXHA893951
    Stock: HA893951
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • $20,521
    fair price
    $291 above market
    • 76,326 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Major Motor Cars (8 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Santa Monica, CA / 8 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    2017 Mercedes-Benz GLS 450 4MATIC A full-size luxury SUV with commanding presence, advanced all-wheel drive, premium comfort, and powerful performance...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE4HA907861
    Stock: 24592
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-14-2025

    • 44,996 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax Oxnard (49 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 49 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE4KB215777
    Stock: 27115720
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $35,492
    great price
    $5,948 below market
    • 59,035 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (51 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 51 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free L...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFF5KE2LA216473
    Stock: LA216473P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 82,645 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Car World (6 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hawthorne, CA / 6 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    SPECIAL WE'RE THANKFUL FOR YOU! We're saying Happy Holidays with a special thank you gift: $1,000 TRADE-IN CREDIT Receive a minimum $1,000 credit towa...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE4HA819036
    Stock: A819036
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • $51,998
    good price
    $2,985 below market
    • 42,965 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax Oxnard (49 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oxnard, CA / 49 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFF8GE2LA169018
    Stock: 27092713
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $22,350
    fair price
    $1,395 below market
    • 109,827 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Platinum Sales and Services (45 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Norco, CA / 45 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE0JB107467
    Stock: 107467
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,900
    fair price
    $803 below market
    • 89,048 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Car Sho (44 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Corona, CA / 44 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    Our 2018 Mercedes-Benz GLS 450 4MATIC rewards you with exceptional comfort, performance, and versatility in a stylish Black finish. Powered by a Twin ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF6EE7JB151085
    Stock: 151085
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-12-2024

  • $23,999
    fair price
    $1,386 below market
    • 97,980 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Vista Motors (39 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ontario, CA / 39 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    Scores 19 Highway MPG and 14 City MPG! This Mercedes-Benz GLS delivers a Twin Turbo Premium Unleaded V-8 4.7 L/285 engine powering this Automatic tran...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGDF7DE5JB008417
    Stock: 008417
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $40,450
    good price
    $2,007 below market
    • 47,446 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Simpson Buick GMC (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Buena Park, CA / 22 miles away from Los Angeles, CA

    CARFAX One-Owner. Selenite Gray Metallic **Fresh Oil Change**, **2nd Row Captain Chairs**, 20" Twin 5-Spoke Wheels, Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC®,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4JGFF5KE0LA090274
    Stock: 258984A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 234 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class

Read recent reviews for the Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars8 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 8 reviews
  • 5 star
    (75%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (25%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Simply amazing. Test drive it and you will know.

Jlo, 10/24/2017
2018 Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class GLS 550 4MATIC 4dr SUV AWD (4.7L 8cyl Turbo 9A)
Is this a car or a magic carpet? Truly it’s like an escalator that effortlessly lifts you along. We test drove and put a deposit on an Audi Q7. We didn’t want the stigma of a Mercedes and to hear comments from family or neighbors. My wife just wasn’t in love with the idea of the Q7 and neither was I. It was too small and lacked a spare tire. We finally said the heck with it and test … drove the Benz. We knew immediately it was the right car for us and cancelled the Q7 order. I drive a Dodge Durango that is built on the same platform as the GLS. There is no comparison, the interior or the Benz is smaller because the body is made with more high-strength steel. This car is a vault and safety is my highest priority. I’m a cheapskate. But I will spend money for safety. Everything about this car is impeccable. The LED headlights amazing. Air suspension amazing, go off road and it raises the car 5 inches. Put it in sport mode and it keeps the car flat on winding roads. My wife is amazed by this car. She feels confident and assured. The only thing I don’t care for is the electronic interface and that is just a matter of reading the manual. I have no other complaints. It was expensive. But it is worth it to protect my family and to reward my wife for putting up with me. Test drive this car before you buy anything else. It is so easy and fun to drive.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.