Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
23 listings
    • 112,960 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Jamie Hathcock Auto Group (150 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Springfield, MO / 150 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J15K5164575
    Stock: P7119
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2024

    • 29,916 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 298 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J19L5232684
    Stock: 2003584503
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-24-2025

    • 20,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 705 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J10K5164872
    Stock: 2003579014
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • $22,998
    fair price
    $53 below market
    • 35,589 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from DE to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Newark, DE / 1,006 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J19K5172792
    Stock: 27057887
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $17,998
    fair price
    $222 below market
    • 46,277 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CO to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Parker, CO / 545 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALB4J14J5101324
    Stock: 26868947
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $22,990
    fair price
    $802 above market
    • 75,333 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 386 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J15J5104732
    Stock: 2003477577
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

    • 85,088 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Munsterman Auto Group (18 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Blue Springs, MO / 18 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    THANK YOU FOR CHOOSING MUNSTERMAN AUTOMOTIVE GROUP! WE'RE HERE TO HELP YOU GET APPROVED. YOU PICK THE VEHICLE, YOU DECIDE THE DOWN PAYMENT, YOU DETERM...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J16J5097029
    Stock: 097029
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2024

  • $9,950
    great price
    $3,322 below market
    • 108,694 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carport Enterprise US Motors (7 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Kansas City, MO / 7 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J19H5041502
    Stock: 041502
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2025

    • 120,000 miles
    • 3 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CAR-MART of Centerton (189 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Centerton, AR / 189 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J14J5103524
    Stock: 163010196
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    $16,931
    fair price
    $722 above market
    • 62,461 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Bob Sight Independence Kia (9 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Independence, MO / 9 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J15H5055722
    Stock: P7735
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $22,998
    fair price
    $1,250 above market
    • 22,018 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from GA to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lithia Springs, GA / 664 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J11H5069648
    Stock: 26896156
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 28,880 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clearwater, FL / 1,029 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J1XH5057983
    Stock: 27160559
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 92,890 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 540 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J11H5081007
    Stock: 2003524472
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2025

    • 34,400 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CT to MO*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Waterbury, CT / 1,148 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J13H5065441
    Stock: 27030128
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 82,220 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 923 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J10H5072850
    Stock: 2003611558
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-31-2025

  • New Listing
    • 86,119 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Oklahoma City, OK / 298 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALB4J14H5044889
    Stock: 2003658054
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,642 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, NC / 994 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J14H5080367
    Stock: 25838164
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 41,695 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Smyrna, GA / 665 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALC4J1XH5092295
    Stock: H5092295P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 90,014 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from MA to MO*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Danvers, MA / 1,253 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALN4D79G5211365
    Stock: 26587868
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 86,648 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarTime (194 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Rogers, AR / 194 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALN4D75G5198856
    Stock: 198856
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $10,500
    fair price
    $516 above market
    • 106,247 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Baxter Subaru (172 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Omaha, NE / 172 miles away from Kansas City, MO

    Certified. Smokey Blue Metallic 2015 Kia Cadenza Premium 19/28 City/Highway MPG Odometer is 1976 miles below market average!7 TFT LCD Meter Cluster & ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: KNALN4D74F5185515
    Stock: S221366A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 23 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Kia Cadenza

Read recent reviews for the Kia Cadenza
Overall Consumer Rating
4.4 out of 5 stars38 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 38 reviews
  • 5 star
    (74%)
  • 4 star
    (11%)
  • 3 star
    (5%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (5%)
5 out of 5 stars

Surprisingly Great Tech Package update

Tom, 08/01/2017
2017 Kia Cadenza Technology 4dr Sedan (3.3L 6cyl 8A)
I have owned BMW Convertible, 5 Series M Sport, Acura TSX & many Toyota's & Honda's. The 2017 Cadenza is the most comfortable car I have ever owned. Full of High Tech in Tech package. Smooth ride, excellent seats (better than Volvo). August 2018 update To date this is the best car I have ever owned. No repairs in 1st year and 21,000 miles. No adjustments of any sort. By comparison my … BMW’s needed 3-6 in first year. Tread life on tires is good but tires are too noisy once broken in. Seats are superbly comfortable. Averaging 27 MPG with 50/50 split on highway vs city driving. List price for my car was just under $40000, got it out the door for under $33000. What a great car & what a bargain. Have only less than 10 of them on the road in last year. Nice! Update 7/19 Now @ 45000 miles & all is well. MPG still 27. Zero problems. Seats comfortable. Occasionally have issue with rear view camera engaging. Zero repairs. Best car I ever owed. 2 years & counting! January 2020 update. 57,000 miles & counting. Still zero problems in 30 months. Still averaging 27.1 total mpg. Very reliable, comfortable, safe & efficient. Front seats are the best, most comfortable one around. We love this car. Now 65000 miles. Zero problems. No repairs. 27.1 total MPG. Did put new battery in 7/20 ($295) Update January 2021. Now have 70,000 miles on car, mostly highway. Mileage dropped to 26 MPG due to more local driving in last year. Backup camera on occasion still is slow to engage. On occasion the outside temp will register 32 degrees when it might be 55. Will reset in about 5-10 minutes. Still no repairs after 3 1/2 years of ownership and 70,000 miles which is amazing for any car. Maintenance is inexpensive and done right the first time. I love this car. How many people can say that after owning for this amount of time? Of all 16 new cars this is my best one. Update 7/21 75,000 & counting. Owned now 4 years. Still 0 repairs or adjustments. Original brakes & rotors still going strong. Occasional glitch with backup camera no image. Still best car I have ever owned. 1/2022 update. 84,090 miles & going strong. Still zero repairs. Safe, reliable, comfortable. Sorry to see Kia no longer makes the Cadenza. Great car. LAST UPDATE: I sold this car in May 2022. Best car I have ever owned. NO REPAIRS in 5 years & 86,000 miles. Original break pads & rotors. Just changed tires, fluids as needed. Paid $33000 out the door in 2017 & sold to dealer (not as trade in) for $19,500. Only depreciated 40% in 5 years. What a great car but bought 2022 BMW X5 45e. UPDATE June 2023: After 90,000 miles & zero repairs I sold this car. List price was $40,000 in 2017. I paid $33,000 out the door. Dealer bought it from me for $19,500. Never had to make the first repair. Still has original brakes, pads & rotors. The best car I have ever owned.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Kia Cadenza in Kansas City, MO Values

Estimated values
2019 Kia Cadenza Technology 4dr Sedan (3.3L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,469$18,778$20,843
Clean$15,994$18,217$20,200
Average$15,202$17,283$19,127
Rough$14,172$16,067$17,733

The average list price of a used 2019 Kia Cadenza in Kansas City, Missouri is $18,661. The average mileage on a used Kia Cadenza 2019 for sale in Kansas City, Missouri is 67,814. Based on the average mileage of 67,814 for used 2019 Kia Cadenza for sale in Kansas City, MO and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Kia Cadenza 2019 in Kansas City, Missouri to be $15,202.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.