Skip to FiltersReport abuse
268 listings
- $42,595good price$2,302 below market
- 54,194 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- Autos of Chicago (23 mi away)
Close
Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 23 miles away from Chicago, IL
Our exclusive One Owner 2021 Land Rover Range Rover AWD with the Entertainment Pack delivers peerless performance and legendary luxury in Portofino Bl...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGR2SU1MA422593
Stock: 3583
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 12-09-2024 - $41,000fair price$1,215 below market
- 62,006 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- CarWise Gurnee (39 mi away)
Close
Located in Gurnee, IL / 39 miles away from Chicago, IL
Leather.Recent Arrival! CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Black 2021 Land Rover Range Rover 4D Sport Utility 3.0L I6 18/23 City/Highway MPG ZF 8-Spee...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGR2SU4MA453692
Stock: GL28548
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-14-2025 - $53,298fair price$126 above market
- 53,487 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
- 8cyl automatic
- Land Rover Waukesha (84 mi away)
Close
Located in Waukesha, WI / 84 miles away from Chicago, IL
Certified. 360 Parking Aid, 360 Surround Camera, Adaptive Cruise Control w/Steering Assist, Blind Spot Assist, Clear Exit Monitor, Driver Assist Pack,...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2SE2MA435480
Stock: L25103A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 03-18-2025 - Price Drop
- 34,222 miles
- Odometer issue reported, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- South Shore Jaguar Land Rover (31 mi away)
Close
Located in Crown Point, IN / 31 miles away from Chicago, IL
Original MSRP $107475!!!!!, ***CPO APPROVED***, 20-Way Htd/Cooled Front Bucket Seats, 360 Parking Aid, Adaptive Cruise Control w/Steering Assist, Allo...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU9MA417927
Stock: JP2956
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 03-28-2025 - 30,991 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- Land Rover Waukesha (84 mi away)
Close
Located in Waukesha, WI / 84 miles away from Chicago, IL
Certified. 20-Way Htd/Cooled Front Bucket Seats, Blind Spot Assist, Ebony Morzine Headlining, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Heated steering wheel, Hea...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU8MA441507
Stock: P12521
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 03-06-2025- 36,650 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- Chicago Auto Place (22 mi away)
Close
Located in Downers Grove, IL / 22 miles away from Chicago, IL
Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU0MA433398
Stock: H8889
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 10-31-2024- Price Drop$37,990great price$5,840 below market
- 51,587 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- AutoNation Toyota Libertyville (31 mi away)
- Home delivery*Five Star Dealer
Close
Located in Libertyville, IL / 31 miles away from Chicago, IL
Silicon Silver Premium MetallicPanoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemKeyless StartEbony/Ebony/Ebony/Ebony; Perforated Windsor Leather Seat ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU1LA585558
Stock: LA585558
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 01-18-2025 - 65,783 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 6cyl automatic
- Guaranteed Motor Cars - Lansing (22 mi away)
Close
Located in Lansing, IL / 22 miles away from Chicago, IL
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU6MA446284
Stock: PH369
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 02-28-2024- Price Drop$58,752great price$5,249 below market
- 43,670 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- South Shore Jaguar Land Rover (31 mi away)
Close
Located in Crown Point, IN / 31 miles away from Chicago, IL
Original MSRP $116005!!!!, 22-Way Heated/Cooled Massage Front Bucket Seats, 360 Parking Aid, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto, Blac...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU9NA460262
Stock: JP2907
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 03-01-2025 - Price Drop$86,825good price$9,031 below market
- 36,048 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 6cyl automatic
- International Subaru (22 mi away)
Close
Located in Tinley Park, IL / 22 miles away from Chicago, IL
*JUST REDUCED*, PRICE BELOW MARKET VALUE!, 15 Speakers, 20-Way Heated Electric Front Bucket Seats, 3.6 Axle Ratio, ABS brakes, Adaptive suspension, Ai...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALKP9FU1NA002482
Stock: NA002482
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 12-17-2024 - Price Drop$42,991good price$4,506 below market
- 39,907 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 6cyl automatic
- Laurel BMW of Westmont (18 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Westmont, IL / 18 miles away from Chicago, IL
Panoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemKeyless StartEbony/Ebony/Ebony/Ebony; Perforated Windsor Leather Seat TrimThis vehicle includes a M...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU2LA584953
Stock: LA584953
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-27-2025 - Price Drop$36,869good price$3,841 below market
- 58,108 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
- 6cyl automatic
- Gravity Autos Chicago (24 mi away)
Close
Located in Highland Park, IL / 24 miles away from Chicago, IL
Black 2020 Land Rover Range Rover HSE 4WD ZF 8-Speed Automatic 3.0L I6Black Leather, 13 Speakers, 20" Wheels, 20-Way Power Heated Front Bucket Seats...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU6LA575818
Stock: 26226G
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-06-2025 - $63,495fair price$1,995 below market
- 41,542 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 8cyl automatic
- Woodfield Lexus (25 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Schaumburg, IL / 25 miles away from Chicago, IL
** Local Trade**, ** Lane Departure Warning, ** Blind Spot Monitor, ** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, ** Navigation Sys...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2SE5NA461993
Stock: Q3556
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-19-2025 - Price Drop$41,149good price$2,942 below market
- 59,936 miles
- No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
- 8cyl automatic
- Gravity Autos Chicago (24 mi away)
Close
Located in Highland Park, IL / 24 miles away from Chicago, IL
FULLY LOADED HSE W/ $15K+ IN OPTIONS! INCLUDES DRIVE PRO PKG, 825W MERIDIAN SOUND SYSTEM, VISION ASSIST PKG, 21" 6-SPOKE WHEELS, CONSOLE W/ ARMREST + ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2SE4LA576338
Stock: 26223G
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-05-2025 - Price Drop$39,649fair price$2,253 below market
- 49,419 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 6cyl automatic
- Gravity Autos Chicago (24 mi away)
Close
Located in Highland Park, IL / 24 miles away from Chicago, IL
LOADED HSE! INCLUDES DRIVE PRO PKG, 21" 7-SPLIT SPOKE WHEELS, GRAND BLACK VENEER, 20-WAY HEATED/COOLED FRONT SEATS, & MORE! CLEAN CARFAX!Ebony/Ebony...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU6LA573096
Stock: 26284G
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-25-2025 - $59,855good price$2,147 below market
- 63,991 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
- 8cyl automatic
- Autos of Chicago (23 mi away)
Close
Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 23 miles away from Chicago, IL
Our 2020 Land Rover Range Rover SV Autobiography Dynamic 4WD is designed and engineered by Land Rover's Special Vehicle Operations to be the pinnacle ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGW2RE9LA570402
Stock: 3903
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-07-2025 - $45,998fair price$1,040 below market
- 39,338 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- Land Rover Waukesha (84 mi away)
Close
Located in Waukesha, WI / 84 miles away from Chicago, IL
Odometer is 20874 miles below market average! Adaptive Cruise Control w/Stop Go, Blind Spot Assist, Drive Pro Pack, Driver Condition Monitor, High Spe...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU6LA568870
Stock: L25228A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 04-10-2025 - Price Drop$64,678fair price$202 below market
- 27,449 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- South Shore Jaguar Land Rover (31 mi away)
Close
Located in Crown Point, IN / 31 miles away from Chicago, IL
Original MSRP $113950!!!!, 20-Way Htd/Cooled Front Bucket Seats, 360 Parking Aid, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto, Blind Spot Assist, Garage door transmi...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU3NA466252
Stock: JP2974
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-31-2025 - Price Drop$50,773fair price$1,527 below market
- 68,550 miles
- 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
- 8cyl automatic
- Guaranteed Motor Cars - Lansing (22 mi away)
Close
Located in Lansing, IL / 22 miles away from Chicago, IL
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/21 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGV2SE4LA570093
Stock: PH886
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 01-08-2025 - Price Drop$49,998fair price$123 above market
- 13,869 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 6cyl automatic
- South Shore Jaguar Land Rover (31 mi away)
Close
Located in Crown Point, IN / 31 miles away from Chicago, IL
New Price! Original MSRP $99373!!!!, 20-Way Heated/Cooled Front Seats, 20" Wheels, 360 Parking Aid, Apple CarPlay & Android Auto, Blind Spot Assist, F...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU9LA579393
Stock: JP2958
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 03-28-2025 - 13,523 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 6cyl automatic
- Chicago Auto Place (22 mi away)
Close
Located in Downers Grove, IL / 22 miles away from Chicago, IL
Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: SALGS2RU4LA403464
Stock: H8946
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 12-18-2024
Showing 1 - 21 out of 268 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover
Read recent reviews for the Land Rover Range Rover
Disappointed - not ready to be sold
John L., 03/01/2020
2020 Land Rover Range Rover P400 HSE 4dr SUV 4WD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 8A)
I was very happy with my 2010 and 2012 Range Rover HSE vehicles, they were beautiful, and drove so smoothly in all 3 areas of acceleration, braking, and steering. I cannot say this about the 2020 Range Rover. Furthermore, basic interior amenities and luxuries are missing in the 2020 model.
DRIVE-ABILITY:
-Accelerating...In regular drive mode, it shifts 4 times in 4 seconds going from a … stop to less than 20 MPH like when leaving a parking space and just
driving down the row. Each shift is noticeable in lack of smoothness and is entirely unnecessary. At this speed, in moments you will be pressing the brake and then it will downshift 4 times, so 4 upshifts and 4 downshifts in 8 seconds, that makes for a miserable
experience. Even if you were decelerating and then at 25mph press the gas pedal slightly, it will very abruptly downshift and delay applying acceleration and then almost seemingly to make up for the delay, really aggressively applies acceleration.
-Decelerating....when going about 12 mph, letting your foot off the gas and waiting 3 seconds, the car down shifts in such a pronounced way that it feels like the brakes are being pressed. There are two people driving this car - me and the transmission.
In summary, apply the acceleration and deceleration issues together and that is what you experience in regular traffic, this car spends way to much time shifting up and down, and it is
especially a problem when you are slowing down and then speed up, it gets really confused, and behaves very badly jerking the car. It is not a luxury smooth experience.
-Auto engine off. The feature were the car shuts its engine off when you are stopped and have your foot on the brake, and automatically starts the engine back
up when you take your foot off the brake pedal is not a smooth or luxurious experience. It is the opposite, the extra rumbling and shaking of the car as the engine goes from 0 rpm to 800 rpm and at the same time engages the transmission is very miserable.
Also I've only had the car for 2 months now and two times it failed to auto start and I had to press the ON/OFF button twice to then get it to restart. I guess you can thank the EPA for this, but it is really ruining the smooth luxury experience.
HANDLING:
-The handling in the 2020 is not as tight as the 2012. In the 2020, under minimal breaking and turning, the body dives and rolls, this is especially
noticeable, at low speeds. The 2012 handling was luxurious and smooth with very little body roll. The 2020 feels like it is heavier and higher from the ground, although apparently it weighs less.
INTERIOR:
-There no longer is a Sunglasses holder, or anywhere like an open exposed cuby to set them. I understand that maybe in re-engineering the roof they didn't have a natural place for it, but you can't just get rid of it, sunglass holders exist cars for a reason. Humans still have eyes and still wear sunglasses while driving cars.
-The Glove box won’t stay open, why the heck would it be designed that way? You have two use two hands to hold it open while you try to grab something out of it with your other hand.
-There is no visible accessible storage without having to open compartments which makes trying to put an item away or retrieve an item a real chore. Specifically
people would have a phone and/or some other small item. Currently you have to put it in a cup holder, or open up compartments to put it somewhere and then you cannot easily access it.
-The center console storage is awkward to open and is mostly behind your body, making it incredibly awkward to fully open it and then to place items into it
or retrieve items from it.
-The center console has a flat shelf under the armrest which is really useless and just becomes another barrier to just getting to the actual deep storage. The
flat shelf under the armrest is really useless, it does not even have a lip around it to hold items in. Where do you even put a pen? It seems to have a sticking surface on it, maybe for a phone, but again, it is incredibly awkward to open the arm rest where
your elbow is now behind your body, then lift your arm over it, to put a phone in and then close it. Horrible design.
-The base of the seats no longer have bolsters on the side - they used to. So now there is nothing to keep you laterally in the seat. You legs will tend to splay
outward and you can slide side to side in the seat.
-The touch screen is slow to respond. Often you need to make a point to press and hold for a second just to make sure it registered your press.
I've contacted Range Rover about this all and they just say that is the way the car is designed and there is nothing wrong with its behaviors. Ugh. The frustrating part is that you don't really notice the problems until you do a lot of braking and accelerating which you only do in rush hour bumper to bumper slow traffic which you don't get to test when at the dealership.
Used 2021 Land Rover Range Rover in Chicago, IL Values
Estimated values
2021 Land Rover Range Rover P360 4dr SUV 4WD (3.0L 6cyl Twincharger gas/electric mild hybrid 8A) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $42,802 | $44,368 | $45,936 |
| Clean | $42,133 | $43,663 | $45,195 |
| Average | $41,019 | $42,489 | $43,959 |
| Rough | $39,570 | $40,963 | $42,354 |
The average list price of a used 2021 Land Rover Range Rover in Chicago, Illinois is $51,245. The average mileage on a used Land Rover Range Rover 2021 for sale in Chicago, Illinois is 44,965. Based on the average mileage of 44,965 for used 2021 Land Rover Range Rover for sale in Chicago, IL and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Land Rover Range Rover 2021 in Chicago, Illinois to be $41,019.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
EV Details
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.