Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
754 listings
  • Price Drop
    $22,500
    great price
    $6,274 below market
    • 111,545 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto Fanatics (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 80 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    2018 Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4WD PREVIOUS TEXAS!! - 1 OWNER! NO ACCIDENTS! 12 SERVICE RECORDS! FULLY LOADED! This Tungsten Metallic 2018 Chevrolet Tahoe LT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKBKC2JR331348
    Stock: AF1086
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,996
    great price
    $4,990 below market
    • 130,131 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Cars2us Of Fairfax (93 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fairfax, VA / 93 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKCKC9GR307885
    Stock: CU6283
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $7,995
    great price
    $3,839 below market
    • 177,572 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Mega Auto Outlet (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 84 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    2011 CHEVROLET TAHOE 4 WHEEL DRIVE with powerful VORTEC 5.3L V8 SFI FLEXFUEL WITH ACTIVE FUEL engine and driven only 177572 miles! Fully loaded and mu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKCE0XBR224010
    Stock: MAO4581
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $27,300
    great price
    $4,705 below market
    • 112,511 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Alpha Motor Sports (80 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 80 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    ** OVER 30,000 VEHICLES SOLD, TWO LOCATION TO SERVE YOU, 400+ VEHICLES IN STOCK, visit www.AlphaMS.com to view our inventory, BEST PRICES IN TOWN **NA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKCKC7KR122274
    Stock: C122274
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Tahoe
    $59,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 7 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • $9,450
    great price
    $3,688 below market
    • 159,696 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Woodbridge Public Auto Auction (92 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 92 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    LOADED WITH VALUE! Comes equipped with: Bluetooth, Navigation System, Rear Heated Seats . This Chevrolet Tahoe also includes Climate Control, Tachomet...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKCE01CR218808
    Stock: 143166
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-26-2025

  • $25,495
    great price
    $5,765 below market
    • 112,945 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Kargar Motors (82 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 82 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    BUYING A CAR HAS NEVER BEEN THIS EASY.We specialize in 100% GUARANTEED APPROVAL. BAD CREDIT, NO CREDIT, BANKRUPTCY, REPO, FORECLOSURE...NO PROBLEM. NO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKBKC5KR215630
    Stock: KMM12409
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $71,000
    great price
    $6,228 below market
    • 7,573 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Country Chevrolet (64 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Warrenton, VA / 64 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    2024 Chevrolet Tahoe Premier Summit White 4WD EcoTec3 5.3L V8 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 4WD, Jet Black/Maple Sugar Leather, 3rd Row 60/40 Powe...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKSKD9RR404266
    Stock: P8749A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-13-2025

  • Price Drop
    $7,998
    great price
    $2,815 below market
    • 163,715 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Safford Brown CDJR Sterling (88 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sterling, VA / 88 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    VA Inspected, Clean CARFAX. Red Jewel Tintcoat 2010 Chevrolet Tahoe LT 4WD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive Vortec 5.3L V8 SFI Flex Fuel Ir...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNUKBE0XAR266646
    Stock: S500792A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Tahoe
    $59,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 7 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • $74,771
    great price
    $6,953 below market
    • 3,838 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Land Rover of Chantilly (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chantilly, VA / 84 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    * MSRP: $86,475.00 * Total Options: $5,080.00 * Exterior Color: Black * Interior Color: Jet Black / Mocha * High Country Deluxe, $4,710.00, includes p...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKTKL4RR407279
    Stock: 407279AN
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-27-2025

  • New Listing
    $9,995
    great price
    $1,547 below market
    • 151,500 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Ammoury Auto (98 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Falls Church, VA / 98 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    Non-smoker owner, Vehicle Runs Well, Smooth ride, good tires, Regularly maintained, Lots of storage, Arctic cold a/c, No pets, Seats as good as new, M...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKAE02BR296405
    Stock: 2679
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $20,398
    great price
    $4,003 below market
    • 135,323 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Dulles Kia (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 85 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    Recent Arrival! 2017 Chevrolet Tahoe LT Silver Ice Metallic EcoTec3 5.3L V8 4WD4WD, Jet Black w/Leather-Appointed Seat Trim, 1st & 2nd Row Color-Key...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKBKC4HR404231
    Stock: 24648A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,687
    great price
    $3,343 below market
    • 70,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Ken Ganley Kia Clarksburg (89 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Bridgeport, WV / 89 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    Chevrolet Tahoe LS 2023 Black One Owner, 4WD, Jet Black Cloth, 1st & 2nd Row Color-Keyed Carpeted Floor Mats, Color-Keyed Carpeting Floor Covering, Dr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKMKD1PR119442
    Stock: 3368T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-14-2025

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Tahoe
    $59,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 7 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • Price Drop
    $58,698
    great price
    $5,260 below market
    • 26,502 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Dulles Kia (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Leesburg, VA / 85 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    CLEAN CARFAX, APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO, BOSE, PANORAMIC ROOF, DRIVER ALERT PACKAGE, WIRELESS CHARGING, PREMIUM SMOOTH RIDE SUSPENSION, WIRELESS CARP...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKRKD4PR471153
    Stock: 15890A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-27-2024

  • New Listing
    $50,990
    great price
    $4,157 below market
    • 33,216 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Richmond (93 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 93 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSCSKD0PR503407
    Stock: 2003601728
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $4,995
    good price
    $1,299 below market
    • 225,697 miles
    • No accidents, 7 owners, government vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Car Bargain (63 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    Close

    Located in Warrenton, VA / 63 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNEK13T35R199776
    Stock: MCB2852
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $32,500
    great price
    $4,329 below market
    • 67,146 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Koons Tysons Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (96 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Vienna, VA / 96 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    *** 2018 CHEVROLET TAHOE PREMIER 4WD *** GREAT COLOR COMBINATION *** LOADED W/ HEAD-UP DISPLAY *** REMOTE VEHICLE START *** POWER SUNROOF *** HEATED 2...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKCKC5JR269689
    Stock: J253485A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-03-2025

  • Advertisement

    7 Offers Nearby

    2025 Tahoe
    $59,000
    starting MSRP
    • 6 Colors
    • 7 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges. Dealer sets the final price.
  • Price Drop
    $66,997
    good price
    $2,870 below market
    • 5,469 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Driveway (96 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Springfield, VA / 96 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Low Mileage,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKRKD7RR254571
    Stock: 24680P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $19,990
    good price
    $2,472 below market
    • 112,981 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Wind Rider Auto Outlet (89 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 89 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    2015 CHEVY TAHOE LT 4WD!! *Clean Carfax* *Regular oil changes completed* *Heated leather seats* *NAV* *Back-up camera* *Power liftgate* *Parking senso...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKBKC7FR162015
    Stock: 35202
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Stock photo**
    $8,609
    good price
    $1,927 below market
    • 176,287 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • DealHunter Autos (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 85 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNFK33279R126021
    Stock: 126021
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    Photos not available
    $8,899
    great price
    $1,395 below market
    • 159,411 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • DealHunter Autos (85 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Third-row seating
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 85 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNFK23019R198566
    Stock: 198566WS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $31,990
    good price
    $3,338 below market
    • 84,259 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • EZ Auto Sales (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 84 miles away from Harrisonburg, VA

    ***Visit www.EzAutoSalesVa.com to view our inventory*** Offering the BEST PRICES AVAILABLE, NATIONWIDE DELIVERY, and EXTENDED WARRANTY OPTIONS. At EZ ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GNSKCKC5KR256376
    Stock: EZA5511
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 754 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.